PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN PRESCHOOL AGE

Abstract. The psychological characteristics of preschool children are comprehensively studied, thanks to the consideration from different angles. First of all, the main criteria for the psychological health of a preschooler are considered. In the system of education and upbringing, the volume of acquired knowledge is fundamental, while the psychological health of the individual takes a back seat. Hence the lack of satisfaction with life, all sorts of fears and phobias. Relationships in the family play an important role in the formation of the child's personality, the teacher-parents relationship is extremely important. With the correct placement of roles at home and in a general education institution, the child's development will be correct. The external factors of influence, namely the social situation for introducing the child to the norms in society, are given.

Keywords: psychological health of the individual, family, social situation, communication, perception, mental formation, concentration.

The processes of education and training are a natural and fundamental aspiration of parents and teachers. Adults try to give children the best, but the criterion is not the inner harmony and integrity of the child's personality, but the amount of knowledge acquired.

The results of modern research directly indicate the relationship of psychological health disorders with the success of children in school. A marked increase in anxiety is one of such mental health disorders that can subsequently lead to a decrease in arbitrary attention. Internal tension, the manifestation of which causes increased motor activity and defensive aggression, can lead to a violation of discipline. Fears entail permanent tension and, as a result, a decrease in performance, increased fatigue.

Destructive aggression and social fears are manifested in preschoolers in the form of the so-called "stage fright", i.e. difficulties in the need for public answers at the blackboard, speeches and the communication process itself. Demonstrative aggression provokes stereotyping of behavior aimed at receiving negative attention [1, p.93]. So, the main indicators of the psychological health of the individual:

* Comprehensive self-acceptance, i.e. a positive image of the "I";

* Reflection-as one of the means of self-knowledge;

* The desire for self-change, self-development, self-realization. Given the extreme importance of children's psychological health, it is important to competently organize the educational process and the process of communication with this age group [2, p. 76 c].

So, problems with the psychological health of preschoolers: increased anxiety, fears, increased tension, aggressiveness, uncertainty, motor disinhibition, isolation, communication disorders, etc. It is important to distinguish pathological fear from a normal functionally significant one, so as not to disrupt the natural adaptive processes in the child's development. The foundations of a child's psychological health are certainly laid in the family. The unique primary society gives children a sense of security, "emotional rear", support, without evaluative perception.

The social situation of the development of preschool children is associated with a gradual separation from their parents and the expansion of their social circle. The child gets acquainted with the norms and rules of the "adult" world unknown to him, visits shops, all kinds of educational centers, including dance studios. The world of adults becomes the so-called ideal form that determines aspiration and development [3, p. 124]. According to the statements of L. S. Vygotsky, the ideal form is a part of objective reality with which he enters into direct interaction; the sphere into which the child tries to enter. Thus, a comprehensive study of age psychology and the ability to adapt scientific dogmas to real children allow teachers to cope with the tasks most productively. Namely, to provide preschoolers with intellectual, motivational and strong-willed readiness to study at school.