DIFFICULTIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN IN THE TEENAGE PERIOD

СЛОЖНОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ДЕТЕЙ В ПОДРОСТКОВОМ ВОЗРАСТЕ

Омельченко Алина Руслановна

студент, Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет, РФ, г. Белгород

Бузина Евгения Игоревна

научный руководитель, канд. филол. наук, Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет, РФ, г. Белгород

Аннотация. Cтатья посвящена особенностям подросткового возраста, Говорится о характерных чертах современных подростков. Описаны физиологические, психологические и социально-психологические причины трудностей детей этого возраста.

Abstract. The article is devoted to the peculiarities of adolescence, Talks about the characteristic features of modern adolescents. The physiological, psychological and socio-psychological causes of difficulties of children of this age are described.

Ключевые слова: подростковый возраст, физиологические, психологические, социально-психологические причины трудностей.

Keywords: adolescence, teenager, physiological, psychological, socio-psychological causes of difficulties.

Adolescence is a period in a person's life from childhood to adolescence. In this shortest period, according to astrological time, a teenager goes a great way in his development. Through internal conflicts with himself and with others, through external breakdowns and ascents, he becomes a person. Under the influence of the environment, a teenager develops moral ideals and worldviews. One of the most important points is the formation of self-awareness, self-esteem, the emergence of a special interest in oneself. A teenager wants to understand himself and the relationships that connect him with the world around him. At this age, interests often change. These are the years of criticism and self-criticism when teenagers are especially demanding of themselves, their studies and people.

Adolescence is very turbulent. We can talk about three crises experienced by teenagers. We will identify three groups of reasons that may underlie the crisis.

Firstly, these are physiological reasons that are associated with rapid growth and puberty of the body. During this period, there is a sharp jump in physical development. Often a teenager seems clumsy. Blood supply is difficult, so teenagers often complain of headaches, get tired quickly. Control over instincts and emotions increases. The process of excitation prevails over the process of inhibition, characterized by increased excitability. Rapid growth and puberty of the body make the psych of a teenager very unstable. Due to the physiological features of development, teenage girls look older than teenage boys.

Secondly, these are psychological reasons. They are connected with the formation of morality. There is a discovery of one's "I", a new social position is acquired. This is a period of loss of a child's lifestyle. It's time for excruciatingly anxious doubts about yourself, about your capabilities, the search for truth in yourself and others. Their capabilities are not always adequately assessed, there is no clear distinction between "wanting" and "being able". In this regard, suspicion, bitterness, irritability are observed in behavior. A teenager lives in the present tense, but the past and the future are of great importance to him. The world of his concepts and ideas is full of incomplete knowledge about himself and about life, plans for his future and the future of society. Teenagers have a pronounced need for self-knowledge and self-determination. He is painfully searching for answers to the questions: "Who am I? How am I compared to other people? What do I want? What am I capable of?"

Thirdly, socio-psychological reasons. They are connected with the assimilation of society, common signs of the world structure. The world of a teenager is saturated with ideal moods that take him beyond everyday life, relationships with other people. The object of his most important reflections are the future opportunities that are associated with him personally: the choice of profession, the desire to be able to interact with social groups. A teenager has a so-called sense of adulthood: the need to be, appear and behave like an adult, to become independent of guardianship and control, to gain adult rights.

The main contradiction of this age is the desire of a teenager to be an adult, so that others consider him as such and treat him accordingly. However, he lacks a sense of genuine adulthood. Hence, two opposite tendencies are observed in the behavior of a teenager: towards independence (give me all adult rights and let me live by my mind) and dependence on adults (I have nothing to do with adult duties yet, I am not able to fulfill them, and in general I count on you not to allow me to make any mistakes, all responsibility for my behavior lies with you).

Thus, adolescence is considered the most difficult stage in the development of a child. It is traditionally called dangerous, transitional, difficult.

Despite the general characteristics of this age, modern teenagers have distinctive features. They perceive the world differently, think differently, show aggression when they are forced to do something, do not want to follow the instructions of adults, are often demanding and persistent. Psychologists note excessive mobility and hyperactivity of children of this age.

On the one hand, modern teenagers demonstrate unique abilities, quickly grasp information, easily handle information carriers (computer, game consoles, players, etc.), on the other hand, the number of children with impaired health, MMD (minimal brain dysfunction – delayed development of brain parts), with impaired brain development syndrome has increased dramatically recently. attention or hyperactivity, with disorders of the emotional and volitional sphere.

Teenagers are children who are on their way to adulthood. Modern teenagers live in a very complex world, which is different from the one in which their parents lived at the same age.

Modern civilization generates crisis phenomena in the school environment. They are concerned about inhumanity, a decrease in ethical and moral criteria. Pessimism and disbelief in bright life prospects are common among teenagers. These features are typical not only for Russian teenagers. In France, for example, out of 5,000 teenagers surveyed, one in two said they were disappointed in values such as humanism and progress. Of the 12,000 Japanese schoolchildren surveyed, 39% saw the future in gray, 15% in black [5, 67-68].

The development of modern teenagers is carried out in a complex information situation that falls on their heads through various media. This "technological" reality allows teenagers to interact with society. Therefore, a modern teenager is influenced by various cultural stimuli that representatives of older generations did not have.

An important factor is that a modern teenager knows much more about human cruelty. Today's films, novels, songs are full of violent scenes. Many teenagers see violence not only in movies and the media, but have also experienced it personally. They see scenes of domestic violence or they themselves have been abused by fathers, stepfathers and other adults. Most teenagers admit that they often witness violent scenes at school. Some teenagers commit acts of violence themselves, including murder. The murder rate among young people is constantly increasing. Violence is becoming a part of our lives, and the modern teenager is intellectually and emotionally involved in it more than previous generations.

The danger of dehumanization of the younger generation is growing. The world is experiencing an outbreak of drug addiction, alcoholism, prostitution, and juvenile delinquency. Many schools were overwhelmed by a wave of violence. These disturbing phenomena are a consequence of the growing insensitivity of many teenagers, which devastates their inner spiritual world. The victims of bullying are usually the most mentally developed children, which reflects the specifics of children's relationships, in which there is often a painful and nervous reaction during contacts of adolescents who differ in the level of intelligence development.

The next important factor that negatively affects a teenager is the fragility of a modern family. Recent studies have shown that four out of ten teenagers live with one of their parents. In eight cases of ten, the father is absent. 20% of teenagers in our country live with stepfathers or an adult man cohabiting with his mother. Today teenagers rarely live in a large family: with grandparents, uncles and aunts. Due to the increasing mobility of people, families often live very far from older generations. Previously, neighbors could replace parents, look after children, but today few people maintain close relationships with neighbors. Modern children are deprived of such supervision. In the past, teenagers could rely on relatives, neighbors and public organizations. Today they are deprived of such support.

A modern teenager lives in a world that can be called post-religious. In the field of religion and morality, everything is being questioned today. If in the past most people could distinguish the moral from the immoral, now a whole generation is growing up without certain moral values. They are blurred. A teenager is often told that he can do what he likes. The concept of evil is relative. The modern generation does not clearly imagine what is good and what is bad [5].

In the personal experience of a teenager, as a rule, there is no experience of success as a personal achievement, a personal victory earned through one's own activity. This is not accidental, because in modern post-Soviet pedagogy, the old attitudes have been preserved to emphasize the failures and mistakes of students while almost completely ignoring their victories and achievements. Unfortunately, the same parenting style is present in most families. It should be noted that most teenagers face the unsightly aspects of their parents' lives: fatigue, irritability, indifference to the psychological problems of children, experiencing their helplessness and anxiety for tomorrow.

Modern teenagers note that there is no atmosphere of warmth and intimacy in the relationship between parents and children in families. The data is striking that every sixth teenager (from a full family) experiences emotional rejection from both parents. Nowadays, adults do not have enough material or physical strength to be parents to their own children [1].

Every year more and more teenagers connect to the Internet and use it more and more intensively. This trend is observed all over the world. A.V. Kondrashkin notes that "the number of teenage Internet users in the United States in 2009 reached 93% of the total number of teenagers, and in 2013 amounted to 95%" [2].

According to the PewInternet research group, the frequency of Internet use by teenagers has also been increasing over the past few years [7]. The most popular sites among the teenage audience in Russia are those that provide opportunities for building relationships with other people, searching for new information of various thematic orientation, watching videos and making money online. Gaming activity on the Internet also occupies a large place in the life of a teenager.

So, the social conditions in which modern teenagers live are significantly different from those that for many years determined the peculiarities of the formation of representatives of the older generation. They are less focused on professional development and more on a happy and secure family life, love "active life", do not understand the meaning of the words "creativity", "cognition", their attempts to reflect on the future after school cause a surge of personal anxiety. In these conditions, the ability of adults to build a system of relationships with adolescents is of particular value.