DEVIANT BEHAVIOR OF A TEENAGER AS A RESULT OF TROUBLE IN THE FAMILY

ДЕВИАНТНОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ ПОДРОСТКА КАК СЛЕДСТВИЕ НЕБЛАГОПОЛУЧИЯ СЕМЬИ

Ивашова Татьяна Ивановна

Студент Белгородского государственного национального исследовательского университета, РФ, г. Белгород

Бузина Евгения Игоревна

научный руководитель, канд. филол. наук, Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет, РФ, г. Белгород

Abstract. The article is devoted to the problem of educating teenagers in dysfunctional families. The types of families and their features are considered. The dominant styles of education in dysfunctional families are described.

Аннотация. Статья посвящена проблеме воспитания подростков в неблагополучных семьях. Рассматриваются типы семей их особенности. Описываются доминирующие стили воспитания в неблагополучных семьях. 

Ключевые слова: девиантное поведение, неблагополучная семья, типы неблагополучных семей, стиль воспитания.

Keywords: deviant behavior, dysfunctional family, types of dysfunctional families, parenting style.

Traditionally, the main institution of education is the family. What a child acquires in the family in childhood, he retains throughout his subsequent life. The importance of the family of the institution of education is due to the fact that the child is in it for a significant part of his life, and in terms of the duration of his impact on the personality, none of the institutions of education can be compared with the family.

It lays the foundations of the child's personality, and by the time he enters school, he is already more than half formed as a person. The family can act as both a positive and a negative factor in upbringing. The positive impact on the personality of the child is that no one, except for the people closest to him in the family - mother, father, grandmother, grandfather, brother, sister, treats the child better, does not love him and does not care so much about him. And at the same time, another social institution cannot potentially do as much harm in raising children as a family can do. Many domestic and foreign researchers identify a dysfunctional family as one of the main risk factors for the development of deviant behavior in adolescents. This statement is quite appropriate, since it is in the family that a person goes through the first and most important stage of his development and formation as a person, assimilates patterns and forms of behavior accepted in society.

The psychological essence of the social deviation of children and adolescents can be revealed if it is known according to what psychological laws this phenomenon proceeds, what components form it. Two circumstances become the most important prerequisites for deviation. The first is the family factor. The drunkenness of parents, neglect of children, connivance, indifference of adults, bordering on cruelty, contribute to their pathological development at the earliest stages of growth, in contrast to later ones, in which an unfavorable family environment is only an aggravating, and not at all a necessary prerequisite. The family determines the early development of a number of initial forms of deviation, namely, difficult education, nervous disorders.

Unfavorable conditions of life and upbringing in the family, problems of mastering knowledge and related failures in studies, inability to build relationships with others and conflicts arising on this basis, various psychophysical deviations in the state of health, as a rule, lead to deviation, loss of the meaning of existence.

The result of deviation is an imbalance in relations with society, a distortion of the content of goals, motives, value orientations, the diffusion of social roles until the adoption of certain ones that do not allow conflict-free resolution of problems and satisfaction of needs.

Deviations in the behavior of adolescents are understood as such features and their manifestations that not only attract attention, but also alert the public. These features indicate deviations from generally accepted norms, requirements, carry the beginnings and origins of future misconduct, violations of moral, legal, social, law requirements, and pose a potential threat to the subject's behavior, the development of his personality, and the people around him [2].

As a teenager grows up in conditions of family trouble and the progressive pedagogical neglect associated with it, a transition from deviant to delinquent (opposite) behavior is possible.

One of the researchers of this problem, S.L. Sibiryakov, the relationship between the type of educational influence of the parent and the percentage of adolescent delinquents was revealed [4]:

- conflicts in relations with the child - mutual misunderstanding of children and parents, turning into temporary or permanent clashes (65-70%);

-  ignoring the child in the family - neglect of the child, his "abandonment" (70-80%);

- deviant manifestations on the part of parents - the mechanism of "bad example" (90-95%).

The role of the family in society is incomparable in its strength with any other social institutions, since it is in the family that a person’s personality is formed and develops, he masters the social roles necessary for painless adaptation of the child in society.

It is in the family that the foundations of human morality are laid, the norms of behavior are formed. the inner world and individual qualities of the personality are revealed. The family contributes to the self-affirmation of a person, stimulates his social, creative activity, reveals his individuality. Or vice versa, taking on increased responsibility, adapting to changes in their role and financial situation, parents often fail in their attempts to adapt to the changed conditions of life.

The causes of family trouble are interrelated and interdependent. There are three groups of causes of trouble in the family that negatively affect the child [3]:

- crisis phenomena in the socio-economic sphere, which directly affect the family and reduce its educational potential;

- causes of psychological and pedagogical properties related to intra-family relations and the upbringing of children in the family;

- biological nature (physically or mentally ill parents, poor heredity in children, the presence in the family of children with developmental disabilities or disabled children).

Falling living standards and deteriorating conditions for children, a reduction in the social infrastructure of childhood and a sharp decrease in the level of social guarantees for children in vital areas of spiritual and physical development, an unresolved housing problem, distancing the school from children with difficult destinies, a sharp turn in the value orientations of society and the removal many moral prohibitions, as well as the strengthening of the influence of asocial criminal groups in the microenvironment.

Types of dysfunctional families that contribute to the formation of deviant behavior in children and adolescents:

- Conflict families. Conflicts in families can manifest themselves in an open form (quarrels, scandals, physical violence) and in a hidden or not pronounced form. Regardless of the form of manifestation, in most cases, conflicts in the family lead to the emergence of childhood and adolescent nervousness, reduce self-esteem and increase the risk of juvenile delinquency.

- Morally dysfunctional families. These families include families with alcohol-addicted and drug-addicted parents. This type of family occupies a special place in the problem of family troubles, since this type of deviation is widespread, this is especially true in relation to the alcoholization of the population.

Adolescents in families with alcohol-dependent parents are characterized by an increased level of anxiety and alienation. There is an impoverishment of the emotional-volitional sphere, the development of communicative abilities is delayed and the volitional resources necessary to overcome difficulties are limited.

In morally dysfunctional families, a permissive style of upbringing develops, characterized by a lack of attention and control over actions, behavior, and even compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards. As a result, neglect of a teenager develops into homelessness and neglect.

- Crime family. The presence of convicted relatives has a great influence on the formation of the personality of children. Children and teenagers in a criminal family are early involved in criminal activities, often under pressure from elders.

A teenager, joining the values and norms of the criminal subculture, very quickly learn deviant forms of behavior. At the same time, public opinion and the authority of senior offenders exert great pressure on him, which only aggravates the situation.

This or that type of dysfunctional family affects the choice and intensity of the manifestation of the style of education. So, in the domestic literature, several special styles of upbringing in dysfunctional families are presented [5].

1. Inharmonious parenting style. In this style, six types of inharmonious upbringing are distinguished, which can lead to the formation of deviations in a teenager:

- Indulgent hyperprotection. Parents give their child too much time and attention. This type of upbringing is characterized by the satisfaction of any needs of a teenager, constant praise and adoration. Children in such families do not know the denial of their desires and the punishment for wrongdoing. As a result, children develop "inflated self-esteem, intolerance to difficulties and inability to overcome obstacles on the way to satisfaction of desires" [5, p. 225]. Adolescents, faced with difficulties and not having the skills and desire to overcome them, resort to the use of psychoactive substances, which enable them to change their mood without any effort.

- Dominant hyperprotection. Parents establish complete control over the teenager, they themselves choose friends for him, organize leisure, impose their views and norms of behavior. This type of inharmonious upbringing is characterized by petty control over the actions of a teenager, a rigid system of prohibitions and, in some cases, surveillance. This leads to the formation in the child of a sense of inferiority, the inability to act independently and make decisions, to the lack of initiative and responsibility for their actions. As a result, a teenager in such a family strives for independence, runs away from home, becomes uncontrollable, and forms a conflict type of personality. He develops “a fear of a situation of tension, a test, which in the future often becomes an impetus for the use of psychotropic substances” [5, p. 258].

- Increased moral responsibility. It is characterized by excessive demands on the part of parents to their child, which do not correspond to his capabilities. With this type of upbringing, parents ignore the needs and interests of a teenager, his psychophysiological characteristics. As a result, adolescents, unable to withstand the assigned duties, avoid any responsibility, become aggressive towards their family members, experience indignation and hatred.

- Emotional rejection. The parent rejects the teenager in explicit or implicit forms. In the first case, the parent shows rejection of his child, feels irritation towards him. In the second - despite the internal discontent and hostility, the parent still fulfills his parental duties. In this case, the teenager feels that they are burdened, that without him the family would be better, etc. Rejection can manifest itself along with strict control, the imposition of the proper type of behavior. But rejection can also be combined with a lack of control and indifference. In such a situation, teenagers show independence, protest, try to attract attention with the help of inexplicable thefts, ostentatious interest in alcohol and tobacco, and demonstration of suicidal tendencies. Some teenagers, having not received love from their parents, seek attention on the side or withdraw into themselves, plunging into their own fantasies.

- Abusive relationships. This style is characterized by physical violence, severe punishments for minor offenses, and parents venting evil against their child. Adolescents in such families become vulnerable and suspicious, they are not trusting, they cannot understand their own feelings and experiences, they are prone to cruelty.

- Hypoprotection. Parents pay reduced attention to the teenager, are little interested in his affairs, experiences. Teenagers in such families grow up uncontrolled and neglected. Hyperprotection can manifest itself in combination with good emotional contact and with emotional coldness. If hypoprotection is combined with good emotional contact, then the teenager grows up in a situation of permissiveness, he is not capable of self-organization, control of his behavior. With hypoprotection, combined with emotional coldness, a teenager is hard pressed by the indifference of his parents, forming an inferiority complex in him. As a result, children and adolescents grow up aggressive, able to achieve their goals through deceit and force.

2. Chaotic style or inconsistent leadership. This style is characterized by the absence of a unified approach to education, specific requirements for a teenager, expressed disagreements in the style of education. This style of parenting entails increased anxiety, insecurity and impulsivity, as well as impulsiveness, uncontrollability and social maladjustment of adolescents.

Thus, the use of one of the presented styles of upbringing in a dysfunctional family can lead to the formation in a teenager of his own “distorted” base of values, views and relationships, through which the entire environment is interpreted. As a result, a teenager becomes uncontrolled, neglected and abandoned, and parents become models of deviant behavior.