ALLERGIC REACTIONS TO DENTAL MATERIALS CAUSES AND PREVENTION

Abstract. This article explores the causes, risk factors, and preventive measures for allergic reactions associated with dental materials. Emphasis is placed on identifying allergens in commonly used dental substances, such as metals, resins, and latex, and implementing strategies to minimize patient exposure. The study also highlights the importance of patient history and biocompatibility testing in preventing adverse reactions.

Keywords: dental materials, allergic reactions, hypersensitivity, biocompatibility, prevention, dental safety.

Relevance. With the increasing variety of dental materials used in restorative and prosthetic dentistry, the risk of allergic reactions among patients has become a growing concern. Understanding the mechanisms and triggers of these reactions is crucial for ensuring patient safety and improving treatment outcomes.

Allergic reactions in dentistry are primarily triggered by chemical components and additives in dental materials. Common culprits include nickel and chromium in metal alloys, methyl methacrylate in resins, and natural rubber latex in gloves and dental dams. Upon contact with these substances, susceptible individuals may experience localized or systemic hypersensitivity reactions, ranging from mild irritation to severe anaphylaxis [1, p. 34]. The immune response is typically initiated when allergens penetrate the mucosal barrier, interact with immune cells, and trigger the release of inflammatory mediators. This process is more likely in patients with pre-existing allergies, weakened immune systems, or prolonged exposure to allergenic materials [2, p. 67]. Symptoms of allergic reactions to dental materials vary but often include oral mucosal inflammation, contact dermatitis, and erythema. In severe cases, respiratory symptoms or systemic reactions may occur. Accurate diagnosis relies on a combination of patient history, clinical examination, and patch testing to identify specific allergens [3, p. 89]. Preventing allergic reactions begins with comprehensive patient assessment, including detailed medical and allergy histories. Dentists should prioritize the use of biocompatible and hypoallergenic materials, such as titanium-based alloys and non-latex gloves. Additionally, routine staff training on allergen management and emergency response protocols is essential to ensure patient safety [4, p. 45]. Recent advancements in dental material science have introduced innovative solutions to reduce allergenicity. For example, zirconia-based restorations and BPA-free composites provide durable, aesthetic options with minimal risk of hypersensitivity. Furthermore, the development of custom-formulated dental adhesives tailored to individual patient needs demonstrates the potential for personalized care [5, p. 78]. Educating patients about the potential risks of allergic reactions and involving them in material selection fosters transparency and trust. Clear communication ensures that patients are informed about alternative options and their implications, empowering them to make decisions aligned with their preferences and health conditions [6, p. 110].

Biocompatibility testing plays a pivotal role in identifying safe materials for patients with a history of allergies. Techniques such as in vitro cytotoxicity assays and in vivo patch tests can help determine the safety profile of dental substances. Integrating these tests into routine dental practice enhances preventive care and minimizes the likelihood of adverse reactions [7, p. 23]. The future of allergen management in dentistry lies in the integration of digital technologies and material innovation. Artificial intelligence (AI) is being explored to predict allergenic risks based on patient data, while research into bioactive materials aims to create dental products that not only restore function but also promote tissue health. These advancements are expected to revolutionize patient care, making dental treatments safer and more personalized [8, p. 66]. In conclusion, allergic reactions to dental materials remain a significant challenge in clinical practice. By understanding their causes, identifying at-risk individuals, and adopting preventive measures, dental professionals can ensure safer, more effective treatment outcomes. The continuous evolution of hypoallergenic materials and diagnostic tools underscores the importance of staying updated with emerging technologies and best practices in this field.